8 Nursing Care Plan for Tuberculosis - Nursing Diagnosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.

TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.

About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with disease and cannot transmit the disease.

People infected with TB bacteria have a lifetime risk of falling ill with TB of 10%. However persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a much higher risk of falling ill.
www.who.int





Nursing Diagnosis for Tuberculosis

1. Ineffective Airway Clearance
2. Risk for impaired Gas Exchange
3. Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements
4. Risk for Infection
5. Fatigue
6. Ineffective Coping
7. Risk for Injury
8. Deficient Knowledge [Learning Need] regarding condition, treatment, prevention.

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What are the Symptoms of Bladder Cancer

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

Blood in the urine (hematuria) is the most common symptom. It eventually occurs in nearly all cases of bladder cancer and is generally described as "painless". Although the blood may be visible during urination, in most cases, it is invisible except under a microscope. In these, the blood is usually discovered when analyzing a urine sample as part of a routine examination. Blood in the urine, similar to blood in the stool or coughing up blood, is a potential warning sign of cancer, and should not be ignored.

Hematuria does not by itself indicate or confirm the presence of bladder cancer. Blood in the urine has many possible causes. For example, it may result from a urinary tract infection or kidney stones rather than from cancer. It is important to note that hematuria, particularly microscopic, might be entirely normal for some individuals. A diagnostic investigation is necessary to determine whether bladder cancer is present.

Other symptoms of bladder cancer may include frequent urination and pain upon urination (dysuria). Such "irritative" symptoms are less common. When present in the absence of a urinary infection (which may have similar or identical symptoms) exclusion of a bladder cancer as the possible cause is mandatory.

Source : http://www.urologyhealth.org

2 Nursing Care Plan for Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy arising from the epithelial lining (i.e. "the urothelium") of the urinary bladder. The bladder is rarely involved by non-epithelial cancers (such as lymphoma or sarcoma) but these are not properly included in the colloquial term "bladder cancer." It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the pelvis. The most common type of bladder cancer recapitulates the normal histology of the urothelium and is known as transitional cell carcinoma.

Bladder cancer characteristically causes blood in the urine; this may be visible to the naked eye (gross hematuria) or detectable only by microscope (microscopic hematuria). Other possible symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination (polyuria) or feeling the need to urinate without results. These signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer, and are also caused by non-cancerous conditions, including prostate infections and cystitis. Kidney cancer also can cause hematuria.


Nursing Care Plan for Bladder Cancer  -Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Bladder Cancer 

1. Nursing Diagnosis for Bladder Cancer: Risk for infection related to inadequate defenses, secondary and immune system (the effect of chemotherapy / radiation), malnutrition, invasive procedures.

Goals:

• Patients are able to identify and participate in infection prevention measures.
• Showed no signs of infection and wound healing normally takes place.

Nursing Interventions for Bladder Cancer:

• Wash hands before taking action. Visitors are also encouraged to do the same.
• Maintain a good personal hygine
• Monitor the temperature
• Examine all the systems to look for signs of infection
• Avoid / limit invasive procedures and maintain aseptic procedures
• Collaborative
• Give antibiotics when indicated.

2. Nursing Diagnosis for Bladder Cancer: Risk for Sexual Dysfunction related to deficit of knowledge / skills about alternative responses to health transition, decreased function / structure, the effects of treatment.

Goals:

• Patients may express its understanding of the effects of cancer and treatment on sexuality.
• Maintaining sexual activity within your limits

Nursing Interventions for Bladder Cancer:

• Discuss with patients and families about sexuality and the reaction process and its relationship with disease
• Give advise on the effect of treatment on sexuality
• Give privacy to the patient and her partner. Knock before entering.

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